The HEK293 human cell lineage is widely used in cell biology and biotechnology. Here we use whole-genome resequencing of six 293 cell lines to study the dynamics of.
By its very definition, a love of biology is a love of life. At MTSU, a student can transform that love into a lifelong affair.
1. INTRODUCTION - OVERVIEW - Biology as a science deals with the origin, history, process, and physical characteristics, of plants and animals: it includes botany, and zoology. A study of biology includes the study of the chemical basis of living organisms, DNA. Other related sciences include microbiology and organic chemistry. See the "Online Biology Book" an excellent reference!! The main difference between a lifeless clump of chemicals, and a living life form, composed of the same chemicals, is; Information and access to an energy source. The word science comes from a Latin word scientica, which means knowledge, or information. Science is a process of systematically gathering detailed information and gaining exact knowledge. That vital information includes; how the basic elements are organized and how they utilize energy. We do not know all the "life" information secrets but we are learning more every day. The three biological life cycles, are; Zygotic meiosis, Sporic meiosis, and Gametic meiosis , Amoeba - one basic life form. Amoebas (and there are many different kinds) feed by phagocytosis (the engulfing and ingesting of foreign particles or waste matter by phagocytes)--they flow around their prey (usually a smaller cell) and engulf it. Organism that eat other organisms are usually called "consumers". The amoeba's cell membrane then fuses with itself, trapping the prey in a "food vacuole" where it will be digested. Amoeba image courtesy of BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES Famous scientist quote: "Those engaged in the arts and sciences, Most Gracious Emperor Charles, find many serious obstacles to the exact study and successful application of them. In the first place, no slight inconvenience results from too great separation beween branches of study which serve for the perfection of one art." Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564) wrote "The Anatomy of the Human Body" published in 1543. Related disciplines Medicine -- Physical anthropology Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. Together, they study life over a wide range of scales : at the atomic and molecular scale, through molecular biology, biochemistry, and to some extent genetics at the cellular scale, through cell biology at the multicellular scales, through physiology, anatomy, and histology at the level of the development or ontogeny of an individual organism, through developmental biology at the level of heredity between parent and offspring through genetics at the level of group behavior through ethology at the level of an entire population, through population genetics on the multi-species scale of lineages, through systematics at the level of interdependent populations and their habitats through ecology and evolutionary biology Biological aide Ellie Giron (left) and ARS chemist Phyllis Johnson prepare a sample for analysis at the ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Photo by Bruce Fritz Science in Your Shopping Cart - VIDEO What are some of the ways in which scientific discoveries at the Agricultural Research Service have made a difference in our daily lives? (14 min., 1996) Select your Internet connection speed: Phone modem | Broadband Spark your interest in biology by watching these Public Broadcasting Service NOVA programs. PBS NOVA Cancer Study - Cancer Warrior PBS NOVA - Cracking the Code of Life PBS NOVA - Dying to be Thin See this and more at PBS.ORG Biology Online - Information in the life sciences in the form of tutorials, references, an online dictionary of biology terms and a biology forum . 2. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD - The scientific method consists of stating a problem then; (1) make observations, (2) formulate a hypothesis, (3) design an experiment, collect and interpret the data, consult prior knowledge, and (4) reach conclusions. A good experiment has a large sample; it is controlled so that only one variable is assessed, it is placebo controlled, and it is conducted in a double blind manner. Scientific discovery is not always as well planned as the scientific method may seem to suggest. Sometimes new knowledge comes simply from being in the right place at the right time or from being particularly aware of the unusual. The opposite of the scientific method (and its organized planning) is discovery by "accident". A hypothesis is a guess as to why something happens. Observations lead to questions regarding the event. Why is the sky blue? How does gravity affect falling objects? In attempting to answer a question about the nature of the world, a scientist will form a hypothesis (or a guess) regarding the question's answer. Experiments, data gathering and study will then help the scientist to reach a conclusion. References for the Scientific Method: 4. EVOLUTION - For information on the Cambrian period: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/camb.html For information on the "tree of life" (quite relevant to taxonomy): http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html For general information on evolution: UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION - FOR TEACHERS: http://evolution.berkeley.edu / http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/evolution / http://www.talkorigins.org / Evolutionary Ecology Cells, Embryos, and Evolution (John Gerhart, Marc Kirschner) Evolutionary biology: Ferns reawakened What is Evolution? http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html Biology Links: Evolution http://mcb.harvard.edu/BioLinks/Evolution.html Taxonomy Detailed information and examples and links to database searches are found on our Microscopy Page Paragraph 3. Classification online textbook 5. PROTEIN - A study of life starts with chemistry. All life forms are composed of basic chemical elements. Atomic elements prefer to exist as molecules. Earth life thrives on water. Common water. The human body for example is about 3/5ths water. Life is built up from some very common materials. There is one substance though that is more complicated and vital to life. It is protein. A Dutch biochemist, named Mulder, first used the word "protein" in 1838. He got the word form a Greek word meaning "holding first place." A protein molecule is quite large compared to fat or sugar molecules. Although proteins are complicated they consist the elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Some parts of the human body contain more than other parts but it exists is some amount in all parts of the body and it is vital for life to exist. There is no living organism that does not contain protein. Viruses for example contain a complicated type of protein called nucleoprotein. Nucleoprotein contains a type of substance called nucleic acid in association with the protein. When proteins are exposed to an acid the protein breaks apart into smaller molecules. These smaller molecules are called amino-acids. Millions of different proteins can be formed from the combinations of different amino-acid molecules. Some common proteins are: keratin, fibroin, collagen, and the important and numerous globular proteins. Protein Database http://www.expasy.ch / Difference Patterson Tutorial; PR 613: Protein Structure and Function -Structural Biology I http://asterix.jci.tju.edu/brenner/pr613.html Excellent !! Biology I Interactive Animations Beginner's Guide to Molecular Biology DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis: The Revolution in Biology ExPASy Proteomics Server Welcome to the Bioanalytical Research Group's Homepage Cellular Biology: Cell Structures and Functions 3 Proteins SDSC Biology Workbench [email protected] - Prion proteins may store memories Cell Biology Tutorial BD Biosciences Clontech - Innovative Biological Products for the Systems Biology at PNNL Amino Acids and Protein BIOLOGY 107 Lecture Notes. Amino Acids and Proteins BBC - AS Guru - Biology - Biological Molecules - Proteins Protein Synthesis WH Proteins ... 47) Enzyme Kinetics (5) Food Proteins (3), Manufacturers (26) Prions (5), Proteomics (184) Structure (48). Related Categories: Science > Biology > Cell Biology ... 6. ENZYMES - The word enzyme was first used in 1878 and comes from two Greek words meaning , "in yeast." All enzymes are globular proteins. Enzymes control body chemistry. The enzymes of the human body work by means of surface catalysis (http://www.encyclopedia.com/). That is the surface of the enzyme enables other molecules to react in a manner they would not without the surface of the enzyme present. The enzyme being the catalyst is not changed in any manner from the action of the protein. The human body contains only a small quantity of enzymes but even this small quantity is sufficient. They are important to many functions including food digestion. Click HERE (http://www.agron.missouri.edu/enzyme.html) for the enzyme database. For an explanation of what an enzyme is click here http://www.purchon.com/biology/enzymes.htm MIT Biology Hypertextbook: Enzyme Mechanisms Energy, Enzymes, and Catalysis Problem Set Enzymes and aerobic respiration Enzyme nomenclature database http://ca.expasy.org/enzyme/ ATP AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY Energy, Enzymes, and Catalysis Problem Set BiologyMad A-Level Biology Enzymes Study Room - Biology - Biochemistry and Cells - Enyzmes By Level> A2 and A-Level> Biology> Proteins and Enzymes Essays and Enzyme Nomenclature Molecular Biology Databases - Enzymes and Pathways GCSE Enzyme Coursework and Enzyme Experiments. Catalysts, pepsin BIOLOGY 107 Lecture Notes. Energetics and Enzymes Biology 111 Enzyme Lecture Notes Molecular Biology Enzymes BBC Education - AS Guru - Biology - Biological Molecules Biocompare Buyer's Guide - Enzymes (Cell Biology) Assignments for Biology 241 ExPASy Proteomics Server Examstutor.com - an A level biology resource for students and 7. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS - Most cells are small and can be seen only with a microscope. Some, however such as egg cells of birds, can be seen with the naked eye. Others, like nerve cells, may be very small in some of their dimensions, but extremely long; a single human nerve cell may be as much as 3 or 4 feet long, and an elephant's nerve cell may be even longer. To say that cells are generally small is not saying much, however, because even among microscopic cells there is a wide range in size. Biologists took it for granted that cells are bounded by a membrane - the plasma membrane, as it is often called. It had been known for al long time that lipids (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) and many substances soluble in lipids move with relative ease between the cell and the surrounding medium. From this it was deduced that the outer boundary of the cell, the cell membrane, must contain ( NOTE: Cell image from http://www.biosci.uga.edu/ ) lipids, and that fat-soluble substances could move across the membrane by being dissolved in it. The cell membrane is not simply an envelope giving mechanical strength and shape and some protection to the cell, though these functions are important. It is an active component of the living cell and playing a complex and dynamic roll in life processes. It regulates the traffic in materials between the precisely ordered interior of the cell and essentially unfavorable and potentially disruptive outer environment. The processes include diffusion, (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) osmosis, (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) and phagocytosis. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) Phagocytosis is when the material engulfed is in the form of large particles or chunks of matter. Usually portions of the cell flow around the material, enclosing it within a chamber. When the engulfed material is liquid or consists of very small particles, the process is often termed pinocytosis. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/) Indicating a slight difference in the way the material is engulfed. Bacteria Cell Structure Biochemistry Cell Biology Cell Biology Topics Cell Nucleus CELL NUCLEUS - High Level! CELL NUCLEUS I CELL NUCLEUS II Cell Structure and Function (Detailed) Cell Structure and Functions Cell with a View Chemicals & Human Health Cornell University Developmental Biology Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology Biografx Human Biology Immunology Nuecleus Mendelian Genetics MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Molecular biology course online. Whole Process Cellular Respiration Thomas M. Terry at Univ. of Conn. Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC Smith College Enzyme Tutorial from Northland Community and Technical College Enzyme Activity by Jim Wanamaker of Lew-Port Enzyme Substrate Formation Hong Kong Bio Web Enzyme Reaction - Simulation BBCi Glycolysis Gylcolysis by Sue Merkel, Cornell Univ (BEST) Glycolysis by RM Chute Glycolysis by John Kyrk Glycolysis Movie Gary Anderson - BSG Courseware Anaerobic Respiration-Glycolysis and Fermentation by Sue Merkel, Cornell Univ Glycolysis Animation from Northland Community and Technical College Acetyl CoA and Krebs (TCA)(Citric Acid) Cycle TCA (Citric Acid) Cycle by Rodney F. Boyer Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Krebs) Smith College Fatty Acid Respiration Campbell Interactive Chemistry The Pruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Campbell Interactive Chemistry Acetyl CoA and Krebs Cycle by June B. Steinberg Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Smith College ATP Synthase Movie Thomas M. Terry at Univ. of Conn. ATP Synthesis(ATPase) Flash Animation Carnegie Mellon Production of ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport by June B. Steinberg Oxidative Phosphorylation Campbell Interactive Chemistry Oxidative Phosphorlyation (advanced) Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology Electron Transport by Rodney F. Boyer Ligustrum Leaf Cross Section Evergreen ligustrum (often called privet) shrubs and trees thrive throughout the state of Florida. They are widely used as landscape shrubs, hedges, and specimen trees. Many species and cultivars are available with a diversity of leaf colors, leaf forms, and growth habits. All selections are tolerant of heavy pruning, which makes them suited for clipped hedges. Because of a rapid growth rate, many require pruning to maintain them within bounds. The white flowers are attractive during late spring and early summer. However, the pungent odor may be objectionable. Ligustrum leaf detail Leaves and Leaf Anatomy Ligustrum - Leaf mines and leaf miners Investigating Microscope Slide Staining Lab Activity Resource Plant Micrographs / ligustrum leaf.JPG Ligustlf.htm Ligustrum or Privet ligustrum leaf - Google Search 8. NUCLEUS - Within most cells (though not of bacteria and blue-green algae), the largest and one of the most conspicuous structural areas is the nucleus, the control center of the cell. The nucleus plays the central role in cellular reproduction, the process whereby a single cell undergoes cell division and forms two new cells. The nucleus directs the metabolic activities of the living cell and guides the life of the cell as long as it lives. Biologists attach so much importance to the nucleus that they even have a special name, cytoplasm, for all the protoplasm other than the nucleus; the nucleus and the cytoplasm can thus be thought of as the two major subdivisions of protoplasm. nucleus (biology) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about nucleus nucleus (biology) MSN Encarta - Nucleus (biology) TRT DEMO The Cell Nucleus The Nucleus - Biology Files The Cell Nucleus I Journey into the Cell: The Nucleus 9. CHROMOSOMES - The chromosomes are elongate, threadlike bodies clearly visible only when the cell in undergoing division. They are composed of nucleic acid and protein. The chromosomes bear, apparently in linear arrangement, the basic units of heredity, called genes. It is the genes that determine the characteristics of cells, as they are passed form generation to generation, and that act as the units of control in the day-to-day activities of living cells. They are the code units of the transmission of bits of information from parent to offspring, and for the determination of the enzymes that so precisely regulate the myriad interdependent chemical reactions of life. Chapter 13: Genes and Chromosomes - Biology: The Dynamics of Life Chromosomes and Gender Mitosis The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial Karyotyping Activity Cosmological cell biology Dr Chromo's school: chromosomes structure The Cell Nucleus II Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis Interactive Java EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: ON CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DETERMINATION 10. DNA TUTORIAL DNA in a Nutshell! DNA - From the Beginning Primer on Molecular Genetics from the U.S. Department of Energy NEW! FREE Software (pDRAW32) to draw DNA Analysis Charts http://www.acaclone.com/ pDraw32 DOWNLOAD software - pDRAW32 lets you enter a DNA name and coordinates for genetic elements, such as genes, to be plotted on your DNA plots. pDRAW32 lets you "clone" fragments of DNA generated by virtual digestion with restriction enzymes and optionally blunted at one or both ends. Up to 3 fragments may be cloned at a time (can you replicate that in the lab?). Each fragment may be inverted relative to its original orientation. Genetic elements contained in the cloned fragments are transferred to the cloned DNA. (...and much more !) We found an excellent Genetics tutorial: Morgan. You will have to register to view it but it is free. http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/htmldocs/register.html http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/ - National Human Genome Research Institute ) DNA Laboratory Activities - The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation http://www.woodrow.org / Famous scientist quote: "The sciences gain by mutual support. When, as the result of my first communications on the fermentations in 1857-1858, it appeared that the ferments, properly so-called, are living beings, that the germs of microscopic organisms abound in the surface of all objects, in th air and in water; that the theory of spontaneous generation is chimerical; ..." Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) developed a method of inoculation of cattle for anthrax proving the efficacy of vaccinations. Anthropoda Introduction to the Arthropoda Arthropoda ADW: Arthropoda: Information Arthropoda introduction - Introduction Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda Open Directory - Science: Biology: Zoology: Arthropoda Natural Perspective: Joint-Legs (Phylum Arthropoda) M28.htm Jellyfish Those That Sting - Visit the Oregon Coast Aquarium's virtual jellyfish exhibit to learn about the jellyfish's biology, life cycle, relatives and even see live pictures on the JellyCam. Also has two classroom activities, one K-4 and the other 5-12. Introduction to the Ctenophora - Information on ctenophores ("comb jellies") with links to cnidarian and jellyfish information. Jellyfish: Millions of Years of Stinging Success - CNN report on jellyfish with a Quicktime movie. Invasion of the jellyfish Sea Stars/Starfish Discovery Center Critters: Armored Sand Star - Brief information on the armored sand star's biology, habitat/range, diet, reproduction, and some interesting facts. Discovery Center Critters: Bat Star - Brief information on the bat star's biology, habitat/range, diet, reproduction, and some interesting facts. Discovery Center Critters: Fragile Star - Brief information on the fragile star's biology, habitat/range, diet, reproduction, and some interesting facts. Discovery Center Critters: Giant Spiny Sea Star - Brief information on the giant spiny sea star's biology, habitat/range, diet, reproduction, and some interesting facts. Sea Stars - Information on its description, habitat, diet, breeding, etc. Marchantia Sporophyte Nikon MicroscopyU: Confocal Image Gallery - Marchantia Sporophyte sporophyte Biology2pg1 [PDF] PowerPoint Presentation Liverwort Bryophyte Lab Microslides Naugra scientific, Human Anatomical Models - Prepared BSA Plant Images Online - Marchantia archegoniophore w/sporophyte Bryophyta, Laboratory Notes for BIO 1003 and 3001 [PDF] Laboratory 4: PHYLA HEPATOPHYTAAND ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA HYLUM EPATOPHYTA Crayfish Dissection for Biology 110 - Respiratory System and Liver Crayfish - External Respiratory System Parasites of the Dog and Cat (Part I): Nasal ... 101 Deuterosomes - www.101science.com Study Guide for Third Lab Exam Crayfish dissection THE NATURE OF SCIENCE - VARIOUS GENERAL AND SPECIFIC TOPICS http://www.gis.net/%7Esjp3/bio.html LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ONLINE EXAMINATION OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY http://www.getbodysmart.com / PROTOZOA Some Common Freshwater Types Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature Mark Isaak Basic Genetics Introduction to DNA Extractions Cell Biology Laboratory Manual - very good BioChemistry Made Very Easy! Laboratory Safety Guideline FREE Software for Biology http://www.btinternet.com/~ablumsohn/mbiol.htm Invertebrates - Sponges/Porifera - Cindarians - Bilaterians - Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia - Lophotrochozoans vs. Ecdysozoans - Glatworms/Platyhelminthes - Annelids - Mollusks/Mollusca - Roundworms/Nematoda - Arthropods - Chordates Experiments ABLE: Selected Articles Online Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories - Laboratory Experiments in Biolab Home Page Biology Laboratory Manual | Selection Experiments in Flowering Biology Laboratory Manual | Controlled Experiments in Science Creative Biology Experiments for the Teaching Laboratory Laboratory Experiments Boreal Laboratories: On-line Catalog: Laboratory Experiments in Biology Experiments [Regents Prep Living Environment] Laboratory: Introduction KREBS CYCLE & KEGG METABOLIC PATHWAYS Metabolic Pathways Wall Chart You can access the individual images by clicking in a reduced image of an entire section of the wall chart (use the linkS below). Muscle Tables http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/ Human Muscles Superficial Muscles Tutorial AE Living Skeleton: a Tour of Human Bones Human Bones Matching Game Carboniferous human bones -- an evaluation Chart of Human Bones: Front View The Human Bones & Muscles Anatomy of the Human Heart Chemicals & Human Health Human Biology Notes & Slides Human Biology Tutorials Human Digestive System Human Diseases, Health, Nutrition Human Endocrine System (See "Medicine" above) BIOLOGY NEWS SECTION ! Atomic Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation University of California. Jablonski Diagram Molecular Expressions Light Reaction Photosynthesis Animation by Net Learning Photosynthesis by John Kyrk Photo systems 1 and 2-Oxygenic Photosynthesis by Sue Merkel, Cornell Univ Photosynthesis Animation by John L. Giannini Energy Capturing Photosynthesis animation by June B. Steinberg Photosynthesis Animation - Light Reaction Central Michigan University Dark Reaction - Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle Smith College Calvin Cycle Animations by June B. Steinberg Interactive Photosynthesis Biochemistry by Garrett and Grisham Overall Authorware Photosynthesis Tutorial Taylor University Locating the Photosynthesis Reaction Center Photosynthesis Animations The Biology Place Photosynthesis Forest Biology Virginia Tech The Lives of a Cell : Notes of a Biology Watcher by Lewis Thomas Listen to this book now by clicking on this link to Yahoo! Broadcast.com Real ASTROBIOLOGY - MICRO*SCOPE Site Supported by NASA http://www.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/general/page_01.htm The Book - A highly recommended freshwater protozoa guide ! Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa: A Color Guide by David J. Patterson, S. Hedley (Illustrator) Book Description This color book makes the identification of individual protozoa easily accessible and provides information on protozoan communities found in different environments by means of a wealth of color photomicrographs supported by original and detailed line drawings and concise text. Contains excellent information for ecologists as well. Thanks to David Patterson for submitting information in this section. The WWW links on these pages will take you directly to the various web site pages. Your browser URL address line will tell you the origin of the site.
2015 Marine Mammal Research conducted by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory Click HERE for an interactive enlarged map Click HERE for the full PDF file (11'x17.
KEY: SE Student Edition, TWE Teacher Wraparound Edition, TCR Teacher Classroom Resources, BDOL Biology: The Dynamics of Life, URB Unit Resources Booklet.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) detection has matured in recent years to become a powerful tool in structural biology and.